Who Is the Us House of Representatives Speaker

Presiding officer of the U.s. House of Representatives

Speaker of the Us House of Representatives
Seal of the speaker
Flag of the speaker
Incumbent Nancy Pelosi since January 3, 2019
United states of america House of Representatives
Style	Madam Speaker (informal) The Honorable (formal)
Condition	Presiding officer
Seat	U.s.a. Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Nominator	Major parties (normally)
Appointer	House of Representatives
Term length	At the House'south pleasure; elected at the beginning of the new Congress by a majority of the representatives-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.[1]
Constituting instrument	United States Constitution
Formation	March 4, 1789; 232 years ago  (1789-03-04)
First holder	Frederick Muhlenberg April i, 1789
Succession	Second (iii U.South.C. § 19)[2]
Deputy	Banana Speaker of the House of Representatives (Democratic Party usage only)
Salary	$223,500 annually[three]
Website	speaker.gov

The speaker of the United states Business firm of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section two of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and is simultaneously the Firm'due south presiding officer, de facto leader of the trunk's bulk party, and the institution's administrative caput. Speakers besides perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in flooring debates.

The Constitution does not crave the speaker to be an incumbent fellow member of the Firm of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4] The speaker is 2nd in the Us presidential line of succession, after the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate.^[2]

The current House speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a fourth (second sequent) term as speaker on January 3, 2021, the kickoff day of the 117th Congress. She has led the Democratic Party in the Firm since 2003, and is the first woman to serve as speaker.^[5]

Pick [edit]

The House elects its speaker at the commencement of a new Congress (i.e. biennially, later a full general election) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers by roll call vote.^{[half dozen]} Traditionally, each political party'due south caucus or conference selects a candidate for the speakership from among its senior leaders prior to the roll phone call. Representatives are non restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their party, simply generally exercise, as the outcome of the election finer determines which party has the bulk and consequently will organize the House.^[7] As the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must exist an incumbent member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a fellow member of the House at the fourth dimension, and non-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years.^[8] Every person elected speaker, however, has been a member.^[7]

Representatives who choose to vote for someone other than their party'southward nominated candidate commonly vote for someone else in their political party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other political party's candidate would face serious consequences, every bit was the case when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.^[nine]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast. If no candidate wins a bulk, the coil call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[7] Multiple roll calls have been necessary just xiv times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and not since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided House needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[1] Upon winning election the new speaker is immediately sworn in past the dean of the United States Business firm of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member.^{[ten] [eleven]}

History [edit]

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The offset speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to office on April 1, 1789, the 24-hour interval the House organized itself at the outset of the 1st Congress. He served two not-consecutive terms in the speaker's chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (3rd Congress).^[12]

As the Constitution does not land the duties of the speaker, the speaker'southward part has largely been shaped by traditions and community that evolved over fourth dimension. Scholars are divided as to whether early speakers played largely ceremonial and impartial roles or whether they were more than active partisan actors.^[xiii]

From early in its beingness, the speaker'southward main part had been to keep order and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with power over the legislative procedure under Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[14] [15]} In contrast to many of his predecessors, Dirt participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for example, the declaration of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Clay's "American Organisation" economic programme. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election, causing the president to be elected by the House, Speaker Dirt threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay's retirement in 1825, the ability of the speakership one time over again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, frequently making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and again in 1859, for example, the contest for speaker lasted for ii months earlier the Firm achieved a result. Speakers tended to take very short tenures during this period. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven speakers, but one of whom served for more one term. To date, James Thou. Polk is the only speaker of the Business firm who was after elected president of the United States.

Towards the finish of the 19th century, the function of speaker began to develop into a very powerful ane. At the time, one of the about important sources of the speaker'south power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee arrangement in 1880, became one of the near powerful standing committees of the House. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Well-baked, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The power of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,^[16] sought to end the obstruction of bills past the minority, in particular by countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".^[17] By refusing to vote on a movement, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not exist achieved and that the result would be invalid. Reed, still, declared that members who were in the chamber just refused to vote would all the same count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process. He adamant the agenda of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose committee chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which commission heard each bill. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House. In 1910, however, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.^[xviii] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but not all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

One of the nigh influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[19] Rayburn had the most cumulative time every bit speaker in history, belongings function from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the groundwork with House committees. He too helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and strange assistance programs advocated past Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn's successor, Democrat John W. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, peculiarly considering of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Political party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership in one case over again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as it had been since 1910. Instead, information technology once again became an arm of the political party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the ability of commission chairmen was curtailed, further increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their ballot campaigns in 1980 and 1982 only Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, later spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded past Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Pecker Clinton, leading to the United States federal regime shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to take prevailed. Gingrich'due south hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus defection in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not stand for a third term as speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been called as a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other gimmicky speakers, being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George West. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the start times since 1953–1955 that in that location was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51–49 majority.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January iv, 2007, making her the first woman to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama as president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the commencement speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single-party Democratic leadership in Washington.^[20] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force backside several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Fire Pelosi" passenger vehicle tour^[21] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January five, 2011, and was afterwards re-elected twice, at the start of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in office was threatened by the defection of several members from his own party who chose non to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner'south tenure as speaker, which ended when he resigned from Congress in October 2015, was marked by multiple battles with the conservatives in his own party related to "Obama Intendance," appropriations, among other political issues.^[25] This intra-party discord continued under Boehner's successor, Paul Ryan.

Post-obit the 2022 midterm elections which saw the ballot of a Democratic Political party majority in the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January iii, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her every bit speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Autonomous Party in the House of Representatives and served as House minority leader for viii years earlier she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In improver to being the first adult female to concur the function, Pelosi became the beginning speaker to render to power since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections [edit]

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 Country of the Wedlock Address making history as the first woman to sit backside the podium at such an accost. President Bush acknowledged this by kickoff his speech with the words, "Tonight, I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own — as the first president to begin the State of the Wedlock message with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, there have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the contest of 1839. In that example, even though the 26th U.s.a. Congress convened on December 2, the House could not begin the speakership ballot until December 14 considering of an ballot dispute in New Jersey known every bit the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by unlike branches of the New Bailiwick of jersey government. The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither political party agreed to permit a speakership election with the contrary party's delegation participating. Finally, information technology was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a speaker was finally chosen on December 17.

Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The old Whig Political party had collapsed but no single political party had emerged to replace information technology. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Nothing), and simply "Opposition". Past the time Congress actually met in Dec 1855, nigh of the northerners were concentrated together every bit Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nil label. Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives beingness 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Autonomous minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as speaker, but because of exclusive distrust, the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Nothing simply was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and so Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker past plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The House plant itself in a like dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and in one case once again the Firm was unable to elect a speaker. After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Bailiwick of jersey, a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on February 1, 1860.^[29]

The last time that an election for speaker went across one ballot was in December 1923 at the beginning of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed ix ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to support Gillett in the first eight ballots. Only after winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they concur to support him.^{[xxx] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. Nonetheless, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for speaker, which could take led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (so minority leader) as speaker. Subsequently the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did non represent re-election. The side by side 2 figures in the Firm Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay chose not to run for the part. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, alleged his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly disquisitional of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital matter. He opted to resign from the Business firm, despite existence urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt. Subsequently, the master deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected every bit speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a bulk of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November sixteen, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was and then minority leader, was selected every bit speaker-designate by House Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker by a vote of 233–202, condign the first woman elected speaker of the House.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Most recent election for speaker (2021) [edit]

The most contempo ballot for House speaker took identify January three, 2021, on the opening day of the 117th Usa Congress, ii months subsequently the 2022 House elections in which the Democrats won a majority of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes bandage and was elected to a fourth (second sequent) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy's 209 votes, with two votes going to other persons; too, three representatives answered present when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan role [edit]

Paul Ryan taking the oath of office upon condign speaker on Oct 29, 2015

The Constitution does non spell out the political part of the speaker. As the part has developed historically, all the same, it has taken on a conspicuously partisan bandage, very different from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such equally the speaker of the U.k.'s House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the United states of america, by tradition, is the caput of the majority party in the House of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. Notwithstanding, despite having the correct to vote, the speaker usually does not participate in debate.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may utilise their ability to determine when each pecker reaches the flooring. They also chair the majority political party'southward steering committee in the Firm. While the speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the aforementioned is not true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose part is primarily ceremonial and honorary.

When the speaker and the president belong to the same party, the speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial low-cal, equally seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained role during the presidency of beau Republican George W. Bush-league. Nevertheless, when the speaker and the president vest to the aforementioned party, there are also times that the speaker plays a much larger role, and the speaker is tasked, east.yard., with pushing through the calendar of the bulk political party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, about of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a cardinal role player in the passing of New Bargain legislation under the presidency of swain Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (under Theodore Roosevelt) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more contempo times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in standing the push for wellness care reform during the presidency of young man Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other manus, when the speaker and the president belong to opposite parties, the public function and influence of the speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition political party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is usually the primary public opponent of the president's agenda. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president's calendar by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate. Ane famous case came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (nether Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Sometime Baby-sit" wing of the Republican Party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than than merely marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party.

More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economic and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care;^[36] and one time once more, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to back up Donald Trump over funding for a border wall.^[37]

Presiding officeholder [edit]

As presiding officeholder of the House of Representatives, the speaker holds a diversity of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the U.s.a. authorities.^[38] The speaker may consul their powers to a member of the House to act every bit speaker pro tempore and to preside over the House in the speaker'south absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party.^[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior fellow member of the majority party who may be called for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may exist assigned to preside to give them feel with the rules and procedures of the House. The speaker may too designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Under the rules of the House, the speaker, "every bit before long as practicable later on the ballot of the speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must deliver to the clerk of the House a confidential list of members who are designated to act as speaker in the case of a vacancy or concrete inability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[40]

On the floor of the Firm, the presiding officer is always addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", fifty-fifty if that person is serving as speaker pro tempore. When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a fellow member to preside over the committee, who is addressed as "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officer'due south recognition. The presiding officer also rules on all points of guild but such rulings may exist appealed to the whole Business firm. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.

The speaker'southward powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the speaker has great influence over the commission process. The speaker selects ix of the thirteen members of the powerful Commission on Rules, subject to the blessing of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority political party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a beak is introduced, the speaker determines which committee volition consider it. As a member of the House, the speaker is entitled to participate in argue and to vote. Ordinarily, the speaker votes only when the speaker'southward vote would exist decisive or on matters of great importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.^[41] Nether the early on rules of the Business firm, the speaker was mostly barred from voting, but today the speaker has the aforementioned right equally other members to vote simply simply occasionally exercises it. The speaker may vote on any affair that comes earlier the House, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the House is engaged in voting by ballot.^[42]

Other functions [edit]

The speaker's office in the US Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In addition to being the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and representing their congressional commune, the speaker also performs various other administrative and procedural functions, such as:

• Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the chief administrative officer, and the chaplain;
• Serves as the chairperson of the House Office Building Commission;^[43]
• Appoints the House's parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector full general;^[45]
• Administers the Business firm audio and video broadcasting system
• In consultation with the minority leader, can devise a system of drug testing in the House.^[43] This option has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, government agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, forth with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.S. president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, or is able to resume them, under Sections iii and 4 of the Xx-5th Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Deed of 1947, immediately later on the vice president and before the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed by members of the president's Chiffonier). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, and then the speaker would get acting president, after resigning from the Firm and equally speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the Twenty-5th Amendment in 1967, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic outcome.^[48] Nevertheless, merely a few years subsequently information technology went into effect, in October 1973, at the acme of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew'southward unexpected departure and the land of Richard Nixon'southward presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was suddenly outset in line to become acting president. The vacancy connected until Gerald Ford was sworn in equally vice president on December 6, 1973.^[49] Albert was as well side by side in line from the time Ford causeless the presidency on August 9, 1974, post-obit Nixon'south resignation from office, until Ford'due south selection to succeed him equally vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress 4 months later.^[48]

Come across besides [edit]

• Party leaders of the Us House of Representatives
• Party leaders of the Us Senate

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United states House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved Jan 22, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (Baronial 5, 2005). "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Inquiry Service, the Library of Congress. pp. two–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (Jan 4, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Written report for Congress. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December two, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). The Speaker of the House: House Officeholder, Party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September xx, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker be a Member of the Business firm.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (Jan 3, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on Jan 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard South. (January four, 2019). "Speakers of the Firm: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Inquiry Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner exit: Anyone can run for House speaker, even y'all". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
9. ^ Schudel, Matt (September 27, 2014). "James A. Traficant Jr., colorful Ohio congressman expelled by House, dies at 73". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
10. ^ "Fathers/Deans of the Business firm". history.business firm.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on Jan 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
11. ^ "Election of the Speaker Overview". constitution.laws.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
12. ^ "Listing of Speakers of the House". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
13. ^ Peart, Daniel (2021). "Rethinking the Role of the Speaker: Power, Institutional Development, and the Myth of the "Impartial Moderator" in the Early on US Firm of Representatives". Periodical of Policy History. 33 (ane): 1–31. doi:ten.1017/S0898030620000226. ISSN 0898-0306. S2CID 231694119. Archived from the original on Feb 2, 2021. Retrieved March eleven, 2021.
14. ^ C. Stewart III, "Architect or tactician? Henry Clay and the institutional evolution of the US House of Representatives" 1998, online Archived January 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
15. ^ "Henry Clay (1825–1829)". U.S. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Middle of Public Affairs, Academy of Virginia. October four, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May ten, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, Oct 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules". U.Southward. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on Baronial 25, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (Baronial 1968). "Joseph Thou. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. 30 (three): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
19. ^ "Sam Rayburn House Museum". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
20. ^ Run across Party Divisions of United States Congresses
21. ^ Condon, Stephanie (August 6, 2010). "GOP to Launch "Burn down Pelosi" Bus Tour". CBS News. Archived from the original on February fourteen, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sanchez, Ray (Nov 3, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi: House Speaker's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
23. ^ Cohen, Micah (Jan 4, 2013). "Were the G.O.P. Votes Against Boehner a Historic Rejection?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January fourteen, 2021. Retrieved March ane, 2019.
24. ^ Walsh, Deirdre (January vi, 2015). "Boehner Overcomes Big Opposition to Remain Speaker". CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved March one, 2019.
25. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre; Allen, Cooper (September 25, 2015). "Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress". Usa Today. Archived from the original on Jan xiv, 2021. Retrieved February iv, 2019.
26. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (January 3, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi regains the House speaker's gavel equally Democrats confront Trump over partial shutdown". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
27. ^ Bush-league, George W. (January 23, 2007). "President Bush-league Delivers Country of the Union Address". The White House. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved Baronial 26, 2007.
28. ^ Allan Nevins. Ordeal of the Union, Volume II: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (New York, 1947), 413–415.
29. ^ Allan Nevins. The Emergence of Lincoln, Book II: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861 (New York, 1950), 116–123.
30. ^ Wolfensberger, Don (December 12, 2018). "Opening day of new Congress: Not always total joy". The Loma. Archived from the original on Jan 14, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
31. ^ Blake, Blake (January 6, 2015). "John Boehner merely endured the biggest revolt against a Firm speaker in more than than 150 years". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved March one, 2019.
32. ^ San Francisco Commission on the Condition of Women Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Motorcar. City & County of San Francisco, November 16, 2006. Retrieved on July 5, 2007.
33. ^ John G. Broder (January five, 2007). "Jubilant Democrats Presume Control on Capitol Hill". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Jan 14, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
34. ^ Fram, Alan (January 3, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected Firm speaker; Slotkin voted 'present'". The Detroit News. AP. Archived from the original on Jan 14, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
35. ^ Thrush, Glenn; Brown, Carrie Budoff (March twenty, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi steeled White Firm for health push – Carrie Budoff Chocolate-brown and Glenn Thrush". Politico. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved December six, 2011.
36. ^ Hurst, Steven R. (January v, 2011). "Republicans have charge of US House, poised for clashes with Obama over spending, health care". 1310 News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
37. ^ "Nancy Pelosi: Border wall is 'immoral, expensive, unwise'". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
38. ^ Speaker of the House Constabulary & Legal Definition Archived 2021-01-14 at the Wayback Automobile. Retrieved March sixteen, 2015.
39. ^ Speaker Pro Tempore Police force & Legal Definition Archived 2021-01-14 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
40. ^ "Rules of the House of Representatives" (PDF). January 6, 2015. Archived from the original on Oct 5, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
41. ^ Americapedia: Taking the Dumb Out of Freedom Jodi Lynn Anderson, Daniel Ehrenhaft & Andisheh Nouraee 2011, Bloomsbury Publishing Page 26.
42. ^ "House Do: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House]". gpo.gov. U.Southward. Government Publishing Office. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved Apr 13, 2021.
43. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). "The Speaker of the House: House Officeholder, Party Leader, and Representative". CRS Report for Congress RL97-780. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
44. ^ "Parliamentarians of the House". history.firm.gov. United states Business firm of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
45. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". The Heritage Guide to The Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
46. ^ "Will members of Congress ever drug-test themselves? They've certainly tried". Curl Phone call. February 22, 2019. Archived from the original on Nov 16, 2020. Retrieved November xv, 2020.
47. ^ Neale, Thomas H. (November v, 2018). "Presidential Inability Under the Xx-Fifth Amendment: Constitutional Provisions and Perspectives for Congress" (PDF). CRS Written report for Congress R45394. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
48. ^ ^{a b c} Neale, Thomas H. (June 29, 2005). "Presidential Succession: An Overview with Analysis of Legislation Proposed in the 109th Congress" (PDF). CRS Study for Congress RL32969. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 4–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
49. ^ Gup, Ted (November 28, 1982). "Speaker Albert Was Set up to Exist President". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January xiv, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.

Bibliography [edit]

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer live.
• Green, Matthew North. The Speaker of the House: A Study of Leadership (Yale University Press; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. Business firm of Representatives; focuses on the period since 1940.
• Grossman, Mark. Speakers of the Business firm of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Gray Business firm Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the subject, covering, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (November 26, 2018). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
• Remini, Robert V. The House: the History of the Business firm of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).
• Smock, Raymond W., and Susan W. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998). Short biographies of key leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian E. ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history past 40 scholars.

External links [edit]

• "Capitol Questions." C-Span (2003). Notable elections and role.
• The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership. (2003). Business firm Document 108–204. History, nature and role of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly'south Guide to Congress, 5th ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Printing.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Authorities. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.Due south. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Vice President Kamala Harris	2d in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

moonseir1950.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Share this post